Gem encyclopedia

The Signora Gem Encyclopedia

The science, history, and meaning behind the world's most beautiful stones — because a confident choice begins with understanding. Explore every gem, find your birthstone, and discover the one that's truly yours.

The Signora Gem Encyclopedia Lab-grown · colored gems · documented
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Tap your birth month for its modern and traditional stones, their meaning, and a way to make one yours.

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Find a stone at a glance

Filter by color, durability, birth month, or family. Open the reading room below only when you want the complete reference.

Color
Durability
Birth month
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Signora offers
The reading room

The complete stone library

Prefer to read? Every stone from the finder, in full — linkable and searchable.

Lab-grown diamond

Carbon · Mohs 10

Eternal love, strength, and purity.

Color
Colorless; fancy yellow, pink, blue
Birth month
April
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 10)
Origins
Grown by CVD or HPHT; cut and finished in Surat for Signora designs
Typical treatment
Lab-grown; some fancy colors treated
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic is generally safe.
Signora offers this stoneShop loose lab-grown diamonds →

Moissanite

Silicon carbide · Mohs 9.25

Brilliance and modern romance.

Color
Colorless to near-colorless
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9.25)
Origins
Lab-created (first found in a meteorite)
Typical treatment
Lab-grown
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic safe. It attracts oils, so wipe it often.
Signora offers this stoneBrowse the collection →

Ruby

Corundum · Mohs 9

Passion, courage, vitality, and protection.

Color
Red
Birth month
July
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9)
Origins
Myanmar (Burma), Mozambique, Thailand, Sri Lanka
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine, unless fracture-filled.
Signora offers this stoneShop red gemstone jewelry →

Sapphire

Corundum · Mohs 9

Wisdom, royalty, fidelity, and truth.

Color
Every color but red; blue most prized; padparadscha pink-orange
Birth month
September
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9)
Origins
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Kashmir, Madagascar, Montana
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Emerald

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Rebirth, love, prosperity, and wisdom.

Color
Green to bluish-green
Birth month
May
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Colombia (Muzo, Chivor), Zambia, Brazil
Typical treatment
Oil/resin fracture-filling (standard); natural jardin inclusions
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
No ultrasonic or steam — wipe gently with a soft, damp cloth.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam
Signora offers this stoneShop green gemstone jewelry →

Alexandrite

Chrysoberyl · Mohs 8.5

Balance, transformation, and rarity.

Color
Green in daylight, red-purple under lamplight
Birth month
June
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 8.5)
Origins
Russia (Ural — original), Brazil, Sri Lanka, East Africa
Typical treatment
Usually none; lab versions common
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Aquamarine

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Serenity, the sea, and safe travel.

Color
Pale to vivid blue, blue-green
Birth month
March
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Brazil, Nigeria, Madagascar, Pakistan
Typical treatment
Heat (removes green/yellow)
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Morganite

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Compassion and tenderness.

Color
Peach to pink
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique
Typical treatment
Sometimes heat
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water.

Garnet

Garnet group · Mohs 6.5–7.5

Protection, vitality, and friendship.

Color
Mostly red; also green, orange, purple
Birth month
January
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6.5–7.5)
Origins
India, Sri Lanka, Africa, USA
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic with care.
Signora offers this stoneShop red gemstone jewelry →

Amethyst

Quartz · Mohs 7

Calm, clarity, and spirituality.

Color
Lilac to deep violet
Birth month
February
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7)
Origins
Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia
Typical treatment
Usually none (heat can lighten)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; can fade in strong sunlight.

Citrine

Quartz · Mohs 7

Warmth, abundance, and optimism.

Color
Yellow to orange-brown
Birth month
November
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7)
Origins
Brazil, Bolivia
Typical treatment
Mostly heat-treated amethyst
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water.

Topaz / blue topaz

Topaz · Mohs 8

Strength, clarity, and communication.

Color
Colorless, blue, imperial orange-pink
Birth month
November
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 8)
Origins
Brazil, Sri Lanka, Nigeria
Typical treatment
Blue topaz: irradiated and heated
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid harsh chemicals.

Peridot

Olivine · Mohs 6.5–7

Light, warmth, and protection at night.

Color
Yellow-green
Birth month
August
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6.5–7)
Origins
Pakistan, Myanmar, Arizona; historic Egypt
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid acids and ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Spinel

Spinel · Mohs 8

Energy and revitalization.

Color
Red, pink, blue, lavender, black
Birth month
August
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 8)
Origins
Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.

Tanzanite

Zoisite · Mohs 6.5–7

Transformation, intuition, and rarity.

Color
Blue-violet
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 6.5–7)
Origins
Tanzania only (Merelani Hills)
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
No ultrasonic — wipe gently; best in earrings and pendants.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Tourmaline

Tourmaline · Mohs 7–7.5

Protection, grounding, and creativity.

Color
Every color; Paraíba neon, watermelon bi-color
Birth month
October
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7–7.5)
Origins
Brazil (Paraíba), Africa, Afghanistan, USA
Typical treatment
Sometimes heat or irradiation
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water.

Opal

Hydrated silica · Mohs 5–6.5

Creativity, hope, and imagination.

Color
Play-of-color: white, black, fire orange
Birth month
October
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–6.5)
Origins
Australia, Ethiopia, Mexico
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
No ultrasonic or soaking — wipe gently; dislikes dry air.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Pearl

Organic (nacre) · Mohs 2.5–4.5

Purity, wisdom, and femininity.

Color
White, cream, pink, gold, black (Tahitian)
Birth month
June
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 2.5–4.5)
Origins
Cultured: Japan (Akoya), South Sea, Tahiti, China
Typical treatment
Bleaching/dye common
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
No ultrasonic or chemicals — wipe after wear; restring periodically.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Moonstone

Feldspar · Mohs 6–6.5

Intuition, new beginnings, and lunar energy.

Color
White with blue/rainbow adularescence
Birth month
June
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 6–6.5)
Origins
Sri Lanka, India
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water gently; no ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Turquoise

Phosphate · Mohs 5–6

Protection, healing, and good fortune.

Color
Sky blue to green, often with matrix veining
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–6)
Origins
Iran (Persian), USA (Arizona, Nevada), China
Typical treatment
Often stabilized/dyed
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
No ultrasonic — wipe gently; it is porous.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Zircon

Zircon · Mohs 6–7.5

Wisdom, prosperity, and restful sleep.

Color
Blue (treated), colorless, golden, brown
Birth month
December
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6–7.5)
Origins
Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Typical treatment
Heat (blue/colorless)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid abrasion — facets can chip.

Lapis lazuli

Rock (lazurite) · Mohs 5–5.5

Wisdom, truth, and royalty.

Color
Deep blue with gold pyrite flecks
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–5.5)
Origins
Afghanistan
Typical treatment
Usually none (sometimes dyed)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Wipe only; porous — no ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam
Featured stones

The six we know best

diamond

moissanite

ruby

sapphire

emerald

alexandrite

Durability

The Mohs hardness scale

Hardness is scratch-resistance, not toughness. Harder stones suit everyday rings; softer ones are happiest in earrings and pendants.

Compare stones

Side by side

Pick up to three stones to weigh hardness, fire, price, and meaning. We've started with the question we hear most.

Tap a stone above to add or remove it (up to three).

Lab-grown vs natural

Same stone, different origin

A lab-grown diamond is a diamond — the same carbon crystal and hardness — created in a controlled facility rather than formed underground. Price and total environmental impact vary by stone, facility, and market.

Same material

A lab-grown diamond has the same fundamental chemical, physical and optical properties as a mined diamond; its production origin differs. Beauty still depends on the exact stone's grade and proportions.

How they grow

CVD (carbon vapor) and HPHT (high pressure, high temperature). Lab ruby, sapphire, emerald, and alexandrite share their natural counterparts' exact properties too.

Moissanite stands apart

Not a "fake diamond," but its own distinct, brilliant gem — with even more fire than diamond.

Our position

Stone type is disclosed on each product page. Each approved individual lab-grown center or primary diamond of 0.50 ct or more includes an IGI grading report. For other independent documentation, the product page or approved specification states the laboratory, report type and scope.

Understanding quality

The 4Cs, in plain English

For colored stones, color — its hue, tone, and saturation — outranks the other three. A vivid, even color is what makes a colored gem sing.

Treatments & certification

Honest about what's in your stone

Many colored gems are enhanced through accepted treatments. The product page or approved specification records the treatment information confirmed for the exact stone.

Ruby & sapphire

Routinely heated to deepen and stabilize color. Standard, permanent, and disclosed.

Emerald

Oiled or resin-filled to soften the look of natural surface fractures.

Blue topaz

Irradiated and heated to create its signature blue from colorless topaz.

Citrine

Most citrine on the market is heat-treated amethyst — a natural quartz.

Tanzanite

Almost always heated to bring out its blue-violet from a brownish rough.

Documented, and yours to keep

Every finished piece includes a Signora Jewelry Certificate. Each approved individual lab-grown center or primary diamond of 0.50 ct or more also includes an IGI grading report. Other independent stone documentation and its scope are stated on the product page or approved specification.

STONEExact stone details
REPORTIncluded when stated
Find your stone

A few taps to your stone

Part folklore, part practicality — answer three questions and we'll suggest a stone that fits.

Question 1 of 3 1 / 3

Gem glossary

The language of stones

Hue, tone, saturation

The three dimensions of color — its kind, how light or dark, and how vivid.

Inclusion

A natural internal feature; small ones are normal and often invisible.

Jardin

French for "garden" — the web of inclusions that makes every emerald unique.

Adularescence

The soft, floating blue glow that drifts across a moonstone.

Play-of-color

The flashing spectral colors that dance inside an opal.

Asterism

A star-shaped figure of light across a cabochon, as in star sapphire.

Pleochroism

Showing different colors from different angles, as in tanzanite.

Refractive index

How strongly a stone bends light — higher means more brilliance.

Dispersion / fire

The splitting of light into rainbow flashes; moissanite has more than diamond.

The 4Cs

Cut, color, clarity, and carat — how a diamond's quality is described.

Heat treatment

Gentle, permanent heating to improve color or clarity; standard for ruby and sapphire.

Oiling

Filling an emerald's surface-reaching fractures with oil or resin to improve clarity.

Irradiation

Controlled radiation used to deepen color, as in most blue topaz.

CVD / HPHT

The two ways diamonds are grown in a lab — carbon vapor, or high pressure and heat.

Cultured pearl / nacre

A pearl farmed with human help; nacre is its lustrous surface layer.

Cabochon

A smooth, domed cut with no facets — used for opal, moonstone, and turquoise.

Simulant

A look-alike with different properties, like cubic zirconia — not the same as a lab diamond or moissanite.

Carat

A unit of gem weight, not size — equal to 0.2 grams.

Where to next

Carry it forward

Shop by color

Browse our colored-gemstone pieces by the shade you love.

Explore →

Find your birthstone

Jump back to the finder and make your month yours.

Find it →

Design something custom

Bring any stone to life in a one-of-a-kind piece from our Surat atelier.

Start designing →

Care for your gems

A complete guide to keeping every stone brilliant for life.

Read the guide →
Questions, answered

Gemstone FAQ

Yes — a lab-grown diamond has the same chemical, physical, and optical properties as a mined one and the same Mohs hardness. Its production origin differs: it is grown in a controlled facility rather than formed underground.

Moissanite has a higher refractive index and greater dispersion than diamond, so it returns more "fire" — those flashes of rainbow color, especially in sunlight. It is its own distinct gem, not a diamond imitation.

Natural alexandrite is one of the rarest gems on Earth, which is why we offer lab-grown alexandrite with the same color-change magic. At 8.5 on the Mohs scale it is very durable and well suited to rings and everyday wear.

Emerald is hard (7.5–8) but often included and oil-treated, so it is best treated gently — never clean it in an ultrasonic or with steam. Many people happily wear emerald rings; earrings and pendants take even fewer knocks.

Many are heat treated, while untreated stones also exist. The exact product page or approved specification states the treatment information confirmed for the selected stone.

Every finished piece includes a Signora Jewelry Certificate. Each approved individual lab-grown center or primary diamond of 0.50 ct or more also includes an IGI grading report. Other independent documentation and its scope are stated on the product page or approved specification.

Diamond, at a perfect 10, followed by sapphire and ruby at 9. Softer stones like opal, pearl, and tanzanite are happiest in earrings and pendants that take fewer knocks. See our care guide for more.

We craft in Surat, India and ship internationally. Express, insured and tracked delivery is free on orders of US$500 or more; below US$500, the fixed rate is shown at checkout.