Gem encyclopedia

The Signora Gem Encyclopedia

The science, history, and meaning behind the world's most beautiful stones — because a confident choice begins with understanding. Explore every gem, find your birthstone, and discover the one that's truly yours.

The Signora Gem Encyclopedia Lab-grown · colored gems · certified
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Tap your birth month for its modern and traditional stones, their meaning, and a way to make one yours.

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The gem library

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Filter by color, durability, birth month, or family — then tap any stone for its full entry.

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The complete stone library

Prefer to read? Every stone from the finder, in full — linkable and searchable.

Lab-grown diamond

Carbon · Mohs 10

Eternal love, strength, and purity.

Color
Colorless; fancy yellow, pink, blue
Birth month
April
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 10)
Origins
Grown by CVD or HPHT; Surat cuts ~90% of the world's diamonds
Typical treatment
Lab-grown; some fancy colors treated
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic is generally safe.
Signora offers this stoneShop loose lab-grown diamonds →

Moissanite

Silicon carbide · Mohs 9.25

Brilliance and modern romance.

Color
Colorless to near-colorless
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9.25)
Origins
Lab-created (first found in a meteorite)
Typical treatment
Lab-grown
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic safe. It attracts oils, so wipe it often.
Signora offers this stoneBrowse the collection →

Ruby

Corundum · Mohs 9

Passion, courage, vitality, and protection.

Color
Red
Birth month
July
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9)
Origins
Myanmar (Burma), Mozambique, Thailand, Sri Lanka
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine, unless fracture-filled.
Signora offers this stoneShop red gemstone jewelry →

Sapphire

Corundum · Mohs 9

Wisdom, royalty, fidelity, and truth.

Color
Every color but red; blue most prized; padparadscha pink-orange
Birth month
September
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 9)
Origins
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Kashmir, Madagascar, Montana
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Emerald

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Rebirth, love, prosperity, and wisdom.

Color
Green to bluish-green
Birth month
May
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Colombia (Muzo, Chivor), Zambia, Brazil
Typical treatment
Oil/resin fracture-filling (standard); natural jardin inclusions
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
No ultrasonic or steam — wipe gently with a soft, damp cloth.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam
Signora offers this stoneShop green gemstone jewelry →

Alexandrite

Chrysoberyl · Mohs 8.5

Balance, transformation, and rarity.

Color
Green in daylight, red-purple under lamplight
Birth month
June
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 8.5)
Origins
Russia (Ural — original), Brazil, Sri Lanka, East Africa
Typical treatment
Usually none; lab versions common
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Aquamarine

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Serenity, the sea, and safe travel.

Color
Pale to vivid blue, blue-green
Birth month
March
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Brazil, Nigeria, Madagascar, Pakistan
Typical treatment
Heat (removes green/yellow)
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.
Signora offers this stoneShop colored gemstone jewelry →

Morganite

Beryl · Mohs 7.5–8

Compassion and tenderness.

Color
Peach to pink
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7.5–8)
Origins
Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique
Typical treatment
Sometimes heat
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water.

Garnet

Garnet group · Mohs 6.5–7.5

Protection, vitality, and friendship.

Color
Mostly red; also green, orange, purple
Birth month
January
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6.5–7.5)
Origins
India, Sri Lanka, Africa, USA
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic with care.
Signora offers this stoneShop red gemstone jewelry →

Amethyst

Quartz · Mohs 7

Calm, clarity, and spirituality.

Color
Lilac to deep violet
Birth month
February
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7)
Origins
Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia
Typical treatment
Usually none (heat can lighten)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; can fade in strong sunlight.

Citrine

Quartz · Mohs 7

Warmth, abundance, and optimism.

Color
Yellow to orange-brown
Birth month
November
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7)
Origins
Brazil, Bolivia
Typical treatment
Mostly heat-treated amethyst
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water.

Topaz / blue topaz

Topaz · Mohs 8

Strength, clarity, and communication.

Color
Colorless, blue, imperial orange-pink
Birth month
November
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 8)
Origins
Brazil, Sri Lanka, Nigeria
Typical treatment
Blue topaz: irradiated and heated
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid harsh chemicals.

Peridot

Olivine · Mohs 6.5–7

Light, warmth, and protection at night.

Color
Yellow-green
Birth month
August
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6.5–7)
Origins
Pakistan, Myanmar, Arizona; historic Egypt
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid acids and ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Spinel

Spinel · Mohs 8

Energy and revitalization.

Color
Red, pink, blue, lavender, black
Birth month
August
Durability
Everyday (Mohs 8)
Origins
Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water; ultrasonic usually fine.

Tanzanite

Zoisite · Mohs 6.5–7

Transformation, intuition, and rarity.

Color
Blue-violet
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 6.5–7)
Origins
Tanzania only (Merelani Hills)
Typical treatment
Heat (standard)
Price tier
$$$ · premium
Care
No ultrasonic — wipe gently; best in earrings and pendants.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Tourmaline

Tourmaline · Mohs 7–7.5

Protection, grounding, and creativity.

Color
Every color; Paraíba neon, watermelon bi-color
Birth month
October
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 7–7.5)
Origins
Brazil (Paraíba), Africa, Afghanistan, USA
Typical treatment
Sometimes heat or irradiation
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
Soap and water.

Opal

Hydrated silica · Mohs 5–6.5

Creativity, hope, and imagination.

Color
Play-of-color: white, black, fire orange
Birth month
October
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–6.5)
Origins
Australia (~95%), Ethiopia, Mexico
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
No ultrasonic or soaking — wipe gently; dislikes dry air.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Pearl

Organic (nacre) · Mohs 2.5–4.5

Purity, wisdom, and femininity.

Color
White, cream, pink, gold, black (Tahitian)
Birth month
June
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 2.5–4.5)
Origins
Cultured: Japan (Akoya), South Sea, Tahiti, China
Typical treatment
Bleaching/dye common
Price tier
$$ · mid-range
Care
No ultrasonic or chemicals — wipe after wear; restring periodically.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Moonstone

Feldspar · Mohs 6–6.5

Intuition, new beginnings, and lunar energy.

Color
White with blue/rainbow adularescence
Birth month
June
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 6–6.5)
Origins
Sri Lanka, India
Typical treatment
Usually none
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water gently; no ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Turquoise

Phosphate · Mohs 5–6

Protection, healing, and good fortune.

Color
Sky blue to green, often with matrix veining
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–6)
Origins
Iran (Persian), USA (Arizona, Nevada), China
Typical treatment
Often stabilized/dyed
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
No ultrasonic — wipe gently; it is porous.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam

Zircon

Zircon · Mohs 6–7.5

Wisdom, prosperity, and restful sleep.

Color
Blue (treated), colorless, golden, brown
Birth month
December
Durability
Careful wear (Mohs 6–7.5)
Origins
Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Typical treatment
Heat (blue/colorless)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Soap and water; avoid abrasion — facets can chip.

Lapis lazuli

Rock (lazurite) · Mohs 5–5.5

Wisdom, truth, and royalty.

Color
Deep blue with gold pyrite flecks
Birth month
December
Durability
Occasional (Mohs 5–5.5)
Origins
Afghanistan
Typical treatment
Usually none (sometimes dyed)
Price tier
$ · accessible
Care
Wipe only; porous — no ultrasonic.
Gentle care — no ultrasonic or steam
Featured stones

The six we know best

diamond

moissanite

ruby

sapphire

emerald

alexandrite

Durability

The Mohs hardness scale

Hardness is scratch-resistance, not toughness. Harder stones suit everyday rings; softer ones are happiest in earrings and pendants.

Compare stones

Side by side

Pick up to three stones to weigh hardness, fire, price, and meaning. We've started with the question we hear most.

Tap a stone above to add or remove it (up to three).

Lab-grown vs natural

Same stone, kinder origin

A lab-grown diamond is a diamond — identical carbon, identical sparkle, identical hardness — created in weeks rather than over a billion years, with no mining and a fraction of the cost.

Same stone

A lab-grown diamond is a diamond — identical carbon, sparkle, and hardness. Only specialist equipment can tell it from mined.

How they grow

CVD (carbon vapor) and HPHT (high pressure, high temperature). Lab ruby, sapphire, emerald, and alexandrite share their natural counterparts' exact properties too.

Moissanite stands apart

Not a "fake diamond," but its own distinct, brilliant gem — with even more fire than diamond.

Our position

We craft in lab-grown diamonds and moissanite; natural diamonds are available made-to-order on request only. Every center stone is certified and fully disclosed, so you always know what you are wearing.

Understanding quality

The 4Cs, in plain English

For colored stones, color — its hue, tone, and saturation — outranks the other three. A vivid, even color is what makes a colored gem sing.

Treatments & certification

Honest about what's in your stone

Most colored gems are enhanced — these are stable, industry-standard practices, and we always tell you which you're getting.

Ruby & sapphire

Routinely heated to deepen and stabilize color. Standard, permanent, and disclosed.

Emerald

Oiled or resin-filled to soften the look of natural surface fractures.

Blue topaz

Irradiated and heated to create its signature blue from colorless topaz.

Citrine

Most citrine on the market is heat-treated amethyst — a natural quartz.

Tanzanite

Almost always heated to bring out its blue-violet from a brownish rough.

Certified, and yours to keep

Every primary stone comes with a report from a respected lab and a certificate to keep for insurance and any future repair.

IGILab-grown diamonds
GRAMoissanite
Find your stone

A few taps to your stone

Part folklore, part practicality — answer three questions and we'll suggest a stone that fits.

Question 1 of 3 1 / 3

Gem glossary

The language of stones

Hue, tone, saturation

The three dimensions of color — its kind, how light or dark, and how vivid.

Inclusion

A natural internal feature; small ones are normal and often invisible.

Jardin

French for "garden" — the web of inclusions that makes every emerald unique.

Adularescence

The soft, floating blue glow that drifts across a moonstone.

Play-of-color

The flashing spectral colors that dance inside an opal.

Asterism

A star-shaped figure of light across a cabochon, as in star sapphire.

Pleochroism

Showing different colors from different angles, as in tanzanite.

Refractive index

How strongly a stone bends light — higher means more brilliance.

Dispersion / fire

The splitting of light into rainbow flashes; moissanite has more than diamond.

The 4Cs

Cut, color, clarity, and carat — how a diamond's quality is described.

Heat treatment

Gentle, permanent heating to improve color or clarity; standard for ruby and sapphire.

Oiling

Filling an emerald's surface-reaching fractures with oil or resin to improve clarity.

Irradiation

Controlled radiation used to deepen color, as in most blue topaz.

CVD / HPHT

The two ways diamonds are grown in a lab — carbon vapor, or high pressure and heat.

Cultured pearl / nacre

A pearl farmed with human help; nacre is its lustrous surface layer.

Cabochon

A smooth, domed cut with no facets — used for opal, moonstone, and turquoise.

Simulant

A look-alike with different properties, like cubic zirconia — not the same as a lab diamond or moissanite.

Carat

A unit of gem weight, not size — equal to 0.2 grams.

Where to next

Carry it forward

Shop by color

Browse our colored-gemstone pieces by the shade you love.

Explore →

Find your birthstone

Jump back to the finder and make your month yours.

Find it →

Design something custom

Bring any stone to life in a one-of-a-kind piece from our Surat atelier.

Start designing →

Care for your gems

A complete guide to keeping every stone brilliant for life.

Read the guide →
Questions, answered

Gemstone FAQ

Yes — a lab-grown diamond is chemically, physically, and optically identical to a mined one, and just as hard at a perfect 10. Only specialist laboratory equipment can tell them apart. The only real difference is origin: ours are grown in weeks with no mining.

Moissanite has a higher refractive index and greater dispersion than diamond, so it returns more "fire" — those flashes of rainbow color, especially in sunlight. It is its own distinct gem, not a diamond imitation.

Natural alexandrite is one of the rarest gems on Earth, which is why we offer lab-grown alexandrite with the same color-change magic. At 8.5 on the Mohs scale it is very durable and well suited to rings and everyday wear.

Emerald is hard (7.5–8) but often included and oil-treated, so it is best treated gently — never clean it in an ultrasonic or with steam. Many people happily wear emerald rings; earrings and pendants take even fewer knocks.

Almost always, yes — heat treatment is a standard, stable, permanent practice that deepens their color, and we always disclose it. Untreated stones exist but are rarer and priced accordingly.

Lab-grown diamonds come with an IGI report and moissanite with a GRA certificate, plus a certificate to keep for insurance and any future repair.

Diamond, at a perfect 10, followed by sapphire and ruby at 9. Softer stones like opal, pearl, and tanzanite are happiest in earrings and pendants that take fewer knocks. See our care guide for more.

We craft in Surat, India and ship worldwide, with dedicated service to the US, UK, and Canada — every piece fully insured to your door.